Steven Schiff, Director of the Penn State Center for Neural Engineering, Brush Chair professor of engineering; professor of neurosurgery, engineering science and mechanics, and physics at Penn State, has a paradigm-shattering vision: to move from reactive, delayed laboratory diagnoses to real-time treatment optimization using predictive models that incorporate historical microbiological surveillance data, geographic location of the patient, and environmental and climatic factors to determine the likely pathogens and narrow down the best treatment choices at the point of care. Predictive strategies have never been used in treatment of individual patients in this way, but Schiff believes his approach to predictive personalized public health has the potential to substantially improve patient outcomes.